LA DESCENTRALIZACIÓN DE SERVICIOS: CUANDO LOS RECURSOS Y CAPACIDADES TRASCIENDEN LOS COSTOS

María Eugenia De Simoni

María Eugenia De Simoni Universidad Católica Argentina. Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1400. Ciudad de Buenos Aires (C1107AFB) Argentina.

Palabras clave: Descentralización. Costos de transacción. Recursos y capacidades

Resumen

Las organizaciones optan a menudo nuevas formas de trabajo descentralizado fuera de sus casas matrices para lograr una reducción de costos en sus actividades. En los últimos años, gracias a los avances en comunicación digital, estas nuevas formas de organización han producido, bajo determinadas circunstancias, ventajas competitivas a través de la interacción de recursos y capacidades descentralizados en diferentes zonas geográficas y con diversos aspectos culturales llamados “centros de servicios”. En este trabajo se describen estos nuevos fenómenos de descentralización de procesos desde una perspectiva teórica administrativa, cuáles son sus orígenes, características, ventajas y riesgos asociados.

Citas

Alchian, A. & Demsetz, H. (1972). Production, information costs, and economic organization. American Economic Review, 62 (5), pp. 777-795.

Aldrich, H. & Pfeffer, J. (1976). Environments of Organizations. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, pp. 79-105.

Arnold, U. (2000). New dimensions of outsourcing: a combination of transaction cost economics and the core competencies concept. European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management, 6 (1), pp. 23-29.

Aron, R. & Singh, J. (2005). Getting offshoring right. Harvard business review, 83 (12), p. 1-10.

Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17 (1), pp. 99-120.

Bruce, M. & Moger, S. (1999). Dangerous liaisons: an application of supply chain modeling for studying innovation within the UK apparel industry. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 11 (1), pp. 113-125.

Carmel, E. & Beulen, E. (2005). Managing the offshore transition. Offshoring Information Technology: Sourcing and Outsourcing to a Global Workforce. Cambridge: University Press.

Casale, F. (1996). Introduction to outsourcing. New York: The Outsourcing Institute.

Coase, R. (1937). The nature of the firm. Económica, 4 (16), pp. 386-405.

Corbett, M. (2004). Outsourcing Revolution: Why It Makes Sense and How to Do It Right. EE.UU.: Dearborn Trade Publishing.

Daft, R. (2006). Organization theory and design. 4ta edic. Mason: Thomson South-Western.

Dess, G.; Rasheed, A.; Mclaughlin, K. & Priem, R. (1995).The new corporate architecture.

Academy of Management Management Executive, 9 (3), pp. 7-20.

Dicken, P. (2007). Global Shift: Mapping the Changing Contours of the World Economy. 5ta ed. London:Sage Publications.

DiSabatino, J. (2004) Outsourcing software management raises legal questions. New York: Oxford University Press.

Djavanshir, R. (2005). Surveying the Risks and Benefits of IT Outsourcing. IT Professional, 7 (6), pp. 32-37. Drucker, P. (1966). The Effective Executive. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.

Eisenhardt, K. (1989). Agency Theory: An assessment and review. Academy of Management Review, 14 (1), pp. 57-74.

Erber, G. & Sayed-Ahmed, A. (2005). Offshore Outsourcing. A Global Shift in the Present IT Industry.Intereconomics, 40 (2), pp. 100-112.

Espino-Rodríguez, T. & Padrón-Robaina, V. (2006). A review of outsourcing from the resource based view of the firm. International Journal of Management Review, 8 (1), pp. 49-70.

Fama, E. (1980). Agency problems and the theory of the firm. Journal of Political Economy, 88 (2), pp. 288-307.

Fernández, E. (2003). Estrategia de producción. Madrid: McGraw-Hill.

Friedman, T. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.

Grant, R. (1991). The resource based view of competitive advantage. California Management Review, 33 (3), pp. 114-135.

Grover, V.; Joong, M. & Teng, J. (1996). The Effect of Service Quality and Partnership on the Outsourcing of Information Systems Functions. Journal of Management Information, 12 (4), pp. 89-116.

Hansen, Z.; Rasmussen, L.; Hansen, M.; Ahmed-Kristensen, S. & Jacobsen, P. (2011). The sustainable utilization of human resources in global product development. Journal International Conference on Advances in Production Management Systems: Competitive and Sustainable Manufacturing, Products and Services, pp. 1-8.

Hansen, Z. (2013). Viewing engineering offshoring in a network perspective: addressing and managing risks. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 24 (2), pp. 154-173.

Harland, C.; Lamming, R. & Walker, R. (2005).Outsourcing: assessing the risks and benefits for organizations, sectors and nations. International Journal of Operations & Productions Management Decision, 25 (9), pp. 831-850.

Hätönen, J. & Eriksson, T. (2009). 30+Â years of research and practice of outsourcing. Exploring the past and anticipating the future. Journal of International Management, 15 (2), pp. 142-155.

Itami, H. (1987). Mobilizing Invisible Assets. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Jensen, M. & Meckling, W. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3 (4), pp. 305-360.

Kearney, A. (2007). Offshore outsourcing for long-term advantage: The 2007 A.T. Kearney Global Services Location Index. Chicago: AT Kearney.

Kedia, B. & Mukherjee, D. (2009). Understanding offshoring: A research framework based on disintegration, location and externalization advantages. Journal of World Business, 44 (3), pp. 250-261.

Klein B.; Crawford, R. & Alchian, A. (1978). Vertical integration: appropriate rents and the competitive contracting process. Journal of Law and Economics, 21 (2), pp. 297-326.

Klein S.; Frazier, G. & Roth, V. (1990). A transaction cost analysis model of channel integration in international markets. Journal of Marketing Research, 27 (2), pp. 196-208.

Korac‐Kakabadse, N.; Kouzmin, A. & Kakabadse, A. (2002). Spirituality and leadership praxis. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 17 (3), pp. 165-182.

Kotabe, M. & Murray, J. (1990). Linking product and process innovations and modes of international sourcing in global competition – a case of foreign multinational firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 21 (3), pp. 383-408.

Kotabe, M.; Murray, J. & Javalagi, R. (1998).Global sourcing of service and market performance: An empirical investigation. Journal of International Marketing, 6 (4), pp. 10-13.

Kotabe, M. & Murray, J. (2004). Global sourcing strategy and sustainable competitive advantage. Industrial Marketing Management, 33 (1), pp. 7-15.

Lever, S. (1997). An analysis of managerial motivations behind outsourcing practices in human resources. Human Resource Planning, 20 (2), pp. 37-47.

Lewin, A. & Peteers, C. (2006). The Top-Line Allure of Offshoring. Business Review March, pp. 22-24.

Lisle, C. (2003). Outsource a core competency? Why private equity groups are outsourcing business strategy due diligence. Journal of Private Equity, 7 (1), pp. 72-76.

Manning, S.; Massini, S. & Lewin, A. (2008). A dynamic perspective on next-generation offshoring: The global sourcing of science and engineering talent. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 22 (3), pp. 35-54.

Overby, S. (2003). The Hidden Costs of Offshore Outsourcing. CIO Magazine Outsourcing, 11 (1), pp. 1-7.

Pagnoncelli, D. (1993). Managed outsourcing: a strategy for competitive company in the in the 1990s. Management Decision, 31 (7), pp. 15-22.

Peteraf, M. (1993).The cornerstones of competitive advantage: a resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14 (3), pp. 179-192.

Peters, S. (2010). Riesgos y oportunidades de los mercados emergentes: Los casos de India y China. Rev. CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, (89-90), pp. 127-148.

Pfannenstein, L. & Tsai, R. (2004). Offshore outsourcing: Current and future effects on American IT industry. Information Systems Management, 21, pp. 72-80.

Pfeffer, J. & Salancik, G. (1978). The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. New York: Harper and Row.

Prahalad, C. & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard business Review, 68, pp. 79-91.

Quinn, J. & Hilmer, F. (1995). Strategic Outsourcing. MIT Sloan Management Review, 35, pp. 43-55.

Quinn, J. (1999). Strategic outsourcing: leveraging knowledge capabilities. Sloan Management Review, 40 (4), pp. 9-21.

Rao, M. (2004). Key issues for global IT sourcing: Country and individual factors. Information Systems Management, 21 (3), pp. 16-21.

Rexha, N. & Miyamoto, T. (2000). International Sourcing: An Australian perspective. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 36 (I), pp. 27-34.

Ricart, J. y Agnese, P. (2006). El offshoring en España. Causas y consecuencias de la deslocalización de servicios. IESE - Centro Anselmo Rubiralta de Globalización y Estrategia.

Proyecto del Offshoring Research Network (1er Informe). Navarra, España.

Ricart, J. y Agnese, P. (2012). ¿Cuánto nos queda por deslocalizar? Listos para la segunda ola de deslocalizaciones. Revista de Antiguos Alumnos del IEEM, pp. 68-74.

Scardino, L.; Anderson, D.; Brown, R.; Da Rold, C.; Dreyfuss, C.; Karamouzis, F.; Lovelock, J.; Maurer, W.;Moore, C. & Young, A. (2005). Statistics related to offshore outsourcing. USA: Gartner, Inc. Research.

Schniederjans, M. & Zuckweiler, K. (2004). A quantitative approach to the outsourcing-insourcing decision in an international context. Management Decision, 42 (8), pp. 974-986.

Schniederjans, M.; Schniederjans, A. & Schniederjans, D. (2005). A quantitative approach to the outsourcing Insourcing decision in an international context. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.

Schraven, D. (2012). The attractiveness of an outsourcing provider [Tesis]. Master Information Science. Faculty of Science. Radboud University.

Sinderman, M. (1995).Outsourcing gains speed in corporate world. National Real Estate Investor, 37 (1), pp. 42-50.

Stringefellow, A.; Teagarden, M. & Nie, W. (2008). Invisible costs in offshoring services work. Journal of Operations Management, 26 (2), pp. 164-179.

Sturgeon, T. & Levy, F. (2005). Measuring the offshoring of service work. Cambridge: Industrial Performance Center, MIT.

Teece, D.; Pisano, G. & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18 (7), pp. 509-533.

Teng, J.; Cheon, M. & Grover, V. (1995a). Decisions to outsource information systems functions: testing a strategy-theoretic discrepancy model. Decision Science, 26 (1), pp. 75-103.

Teng, J.; Cheon, M. & Grover, V. (1995b). Theoretical perspectives on the outsourcing of information systems. Journal of Information Technology, 10, pp. 209-219.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD (2005). World Investment Report 2005: Transnational Corporations and the Internationalization of R&D. New York: United Nations.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development - UNCTAD (2006). World Investment Report 2006: Fdi from Developing and Transition Economies - Implications for Development. New York: United Nations.

Venkatraman, N. (1997). Beyond outsourcing: Managing IT resources as a value center. Sloan Management Review, 38 (3), pp. 51-64.

Vivek, S.; Richey, R. & Vivek, D. (2009). A Longitudinal Examination of Partnership Governance in Offshoring: A Moving Target. Journal of world business, 44 (1), pp. 16-30.

Wilder, C. (1989). Bank hands keys to IBM. Computer World, 6, p. 8.

Williamson, O. (1979). Transaction-cost economics: the governance of contractual relations. Journal of law and economics, 2 (2), pp. 233-261.

Williamson, O. (1981). The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach. American Journal of Sociology, 87 (3), pp. 548-577.

Zsidish, G. (2003). Managerial perspectives on supply risk. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 39 (1), pp. 14-26.