Derechos de propiedad intelectual, acuerdos comerciales y comercio internacional
Resumen
El proceso global de fortalecimiento y armonización de los sistemas de derechos de propiedad intelectual (DPI) se ha intensificado
en los últimos veinticinco años mediante la firma de acuerdos comerciales (ACs) que incluyen capítulos con disposiciones de pro-
piedad intelectual (PI) y otras cuestiones no relacionadas con el comercio. Este documento proporciona una primera exploración
sobre si la firma de ACs con capítulos de DPI influyen, y de qué manera, en los flujos comerciales bilaterales para un panel de 122
países y el período 1995-2013. Abordamos cuestiones metodológicas relacionadas con la evaluación del efecto de los ACs en el
comercio bilateral. Utilizamos econometría de emparejamiento de datos para evaluar el tratamiento de los ACs con y sin capítulos
de DPI. Además, estimamos los efectos de los ACs en el comercio bilateral de una manera dinámica utilizando un modelo gravita-
cional con el panel de datos. Realizamos nuestro análisis para el comercio de productos de alta y baja intensidad en el uso de DPI.
Encontramos que ambos tipos de ACs aumentan el comercio bilateral. Sin embargo, los ACs sin capítulos de DPI tienen un efecto positivo más fuerte en el comercio, mientras que los ACs con capítulos de DPI sólo tienen un efecto más fuerte si incluimos rezagos para considerar que podrían necesitar un tiempo de implementación más largo. También encontramos que los efectos dependen del nivel de desarrollo de los países y, en menor medida, de flujos comerciales de productos de diferente intensidad de uso de DPI. Encontramos un claro efecto positivo para los países desarrollados, pero no observamos ganancias para los países en desarrollo derivadas de los ACs con capítulos de propiedad intelectual en todos los diferentes tipos de comercio analizados. Esto plantea la pregunta de si las ganancias comerciales pueden compensar el esfuerzo relacionado con las reformas de propiedad intelectual.
Citas
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